Which of the following
normally contains the highest concentration of oxygen? (22.1)
2.
What is breathing?
(22.1)
3.
In order for a body
surface to be a respiratory surface, it must be _____. (22.2)
4.
Which is NOT an essential
feature for an animal's gas exchange surface? (22.2)
5.
6.
Which respiratory organ
is most often found only in fully aquatic animals? (22.3)
7.
Which of the following
in a human is most similar in function to the gill lamellae of a fish? (22.3)
8.
What is a disadvantage
of gas exchange in aquatic environments as compared to gas exchange in terrestrial environments? (22.3)
9.
What is ventilation?
(22.3)
10.
Countercurrent exchange
in the gills of a fish _____. (22.4)
11.
During evolutionary
refinements that led from fish to mammals, why was a shift from gills to lungs necessary? (22.5)
12.
Which of these gas
exchange systems consists of a series of air tubes that branch throughout the body? (22.5)
13.
Which type of epithelial
tissue would you suppose lines the alveoli? (22.6)
14.
What is the order of
passage as air is inhaled during ventilation of the lungs in a typical mammal? (22.6)
15.
Which one of the following
components of the mammalian gas exchange system does NOT have a ciliated surface covered by a thin film of mucus? (22.6)
16.
The primary functional
unit of the human lung is a(n) _____. (22.6)
17.
What is a function
of the human nose? (22.6)
18.
Humans produce the
sounds of language by _____. (22.6)
19.
What is the function
of the mucus that lines the human respiratory system? (22.6)
20.
Cigarettes contain
over _____ different chemicals. (22.7)
21.
In the United States,
the yearly death toll attributable to smoking is about _____. (22.7)
22.
What can occur as a
consequence of smoking? (22.7)
23.
What is emphysema?
(22.7)
24.
About how many years
after quitting smoking does it take for the risk of heart disease and death to return to the levels similar to those seen
in people who never smoked? (22.7)
25
The maximum amount
of air a person can inhale and exhale is called __________. (22.8)
26.
What effect does relaxing
a tense abdomen during diaphragm contraction have on breathing? (22.8)
27.
During exhalation in
a typical young adult human _____. (22.8)
28.
Inhalation in humans
is achieved by _____. (22.8)
29.
Whats a true statement
about the breathing methods of mammals and birds is true? (22.8)
30.
What happens when the
CO2 level from cellular respiration increases in the blood? (22.9)
31.
What causes CO2
in the blood to decrease? (22.9)
32.
Breathing in mammals
is controlled by the __________, which monitors __________. (22.9)
33.
When you hold your
breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again? (22.9)
34.
In the alveoli and
lung capillaries, CO2 and O2 are exchanged by means of _____. (22.10)
35.
What adjustments would
clearly make countercurrent exchange more efficient in extracting oxygen from water running through fish gills? (22.10)
36.
In the blood, most
oxygen is carried _____. (22.10)
37.
Very specifically,
the component of blood that carries oxygen is _____. (22.10)
38.
Most oxygen is carried
by the blood ____. Most carbon dioxide is carried by the blood ___. (22.11)
39.
How does hemoglobin
help to buffer the blood? (22.11)
40.
What stimulates a newborn
to take its first breath? (22.12)
