1.
 | |
Which food items are typical of a herbivorous diet? (21.1) |
|
eggs, insects, fruit |
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nuts, leaves, berries |
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insects, worms, beetles |
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mice, snakes, birds |
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decomposed dung, rotted vegetation, soil bacteria |
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2.
| |
In which of the following ways are a wolf, a hummingbird, a termite, and a cow alike? (21.1) |
|
All are omnivores. |
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All are substrate-feeders. |
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All are ingestive feeders. |
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All are carnivores. |
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All are herbivores. |
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3.
| |
A bulk-feeder would likely _____. (21.1) |
|
sieve vast quantities of plankton from the surrounding water |
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have claws and jaws, tentacles, pincers, fangs, or teeth |
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absorb nutrients through its body surface |
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suck fluids from a living host |
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eat what it lives in |
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4.
| |
The first stage of food processing is _____. (21.2) |
|
mechanical breakdown |
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elimination |
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digestion |
|
absorption |
|
ingestion |
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5.
| |
Which part of a chicken's digestive system grinds food with sand or gravel? (21.3)
|
|
gastrovascular cavity |
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gizzard |
|
crop |
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pharynx |
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stomach |
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6.
| |
In vertebrates, food is moved along the length of the digestive system by ____________. (21.4) |
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active transport across cell membranes |
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peristalsis |
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diffusion and osmosis |
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sequential contraction of bands of skeletal muscles |
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all of the above |
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7.
| |
Where does salivary amylase come from? (21.5) |
|
pancreas |
|
mouth |
|
small intestine |
|
stomach |
|
liver |
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8.
| |
Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the _____. (21.5) |
|
mouth |
|
stomach |
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esophagus |
|
small intestine |
|
large intestine |
|
9.
| |
What is found in a bolus? (21.5) |
|
gastrin |
|
glycoprotein |
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acid chyme |
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sphincter valves |
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food before it is chewed |
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10.
| |
The tongue does all of the following EXCEPT ____________. (21.5) |
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taste food |
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manipulate food within the mouth |
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shape food into a bolus |
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secrete saliva |
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push food into the pharynx to begin swallowing |
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11.
| |
A mutation in the genes for both salivary and pancreatic amylase will greatly affect the chemical digestion of _____. (21.5) |
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carbohydrates |
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proteins |
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fats |
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nucleic acids |
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all of the above |
|
12.
| |
The pharynx leads to the _____. (21.6) |
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trachea and esophagus |
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mouth and stomach |
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esophagus and small intestine |
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nasal cavity and colon |
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esophagus and stomach |
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13.
| |
Which of these does NOT secretes either a digestive enzyme or a precursor to a digestive enzyme? (21.7) |
|
small intestine |
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esophagus |
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salivary glands |
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pancreas |
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stomach |
|
14.
| |
Acid chyme _____. (21.8) |
|
contains digested fat |
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is a mush made from boluses and hydrolytic enzymes secreted by
the pancreas and duodenum |
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contains food and gastric juice and moves through the pyloric
sphincter |
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causes gastric ulcers |
|
passes into the large intestine, where water is removed |
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15.
| |
Which of the following is an INACCURATE statement regarding protein digestion? (21.8)
|
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It begins in the stomach. |
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It involves pepsin, which is produced by chief cells in the stomach. |
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It is dependent on HCl from parietal cells of the stomach. |
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It is initiated when pepsin splits polypeptide chains into smaller
polypeptides. |
|
It involves aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, and dipeptidase
in the final stages of amino acid liberation. |
|
16.
| |
Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach that attacks proteins to break them down into smaller peptide molecules. Which
one of the following statements is true about this enzyme? (21.8) |
|
The activity of pepsin will speed up in the small intestine because
the pH becomes less acidic. |
|
Pepsin will continue to work at the same rate as it moves through
the intestines until all the protein is broken down. |
|
Pepsin will cease to function in the small intestine as the pH
is neutralized by basic secretions from the pancreas. |
|
Pepsin will cease to function in the small intestine because
it gets diluted by other enzymes produced by the pancreas. |
|
The activity of pepsin will speed up in the small intestine because
the pH becomes less acidic, and pepsin will continue to work at the same rate as it moves through the intestines until all
the protein is broken down. |
|
17.
| |
Which of the following is properly matched with its product? (21.8) |
|
peristalsis ... heartburn |
|
mucous cells ... pepsinogen |
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parietal cells ... gastrin |
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chief cells ... vomiting |
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acid chyme backflow ... heartburn |
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18.
| |
Which of the following might make the most effective anti-ulcer medication? A chemical that _____. (21.9) |
|
stimulates parietal cells |
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kills bacteria in the stomach |
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inhibits epithelial cells in the stomach that produce mucus |
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stimulates the secretion of bile |
|
stimulates chief cells |
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19.
| |
How is the stomach lining protected from the caustic acid pH of its contents? (21.9)
|
|
It releases a hormone called gastrin, which stops gastric juice
secretion. |
|
Mucous cells secrete a protective lubricant into the stomach. |
|
The stomach lining is not protected from acid and frequently
develops ulcers as a result. |
|
Parietal cells secrete a protective buffer to neutralize hydrochloric
acid. |
|
The acid is quickly neutralized when it combines with pepsinogen
to make pepsin. |
|
20.
| |
An open sore that appears in the stomach due to bacterial infection and to gastric juice digesting the stomach lining is
called ____________. (21.9) |
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heartburn |
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acid chyme |
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a gastric ulcer |
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gastric secretion nodule |
|
none of these |
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21.
| |
In humans, most nutrient molecules are absorbed by the _____. (21.10) |
|
stomach |
|
liver |
|
small intestine |
|
large intestine |
|
pancreas |
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22.
| |
The largest variety of digestive enzymes function in the _____. (21.10) |
|
large intestine |
|
oral cavity |
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stomach |
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gallbladder |
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small intestine |
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23.
| |
Gallstone surgery sometimes requires that the gallbladder be removed. Patients are then advised to avoid ingesting large
amounts of fat because _____. (21.10) |
|
the gallbladder makes bile, which makes it easier to digest fats |
|
without the bile produced by the gallbladder, fats cannot be
enzymatically hydrolyzed |
|
the gallbladder produces the hormone gastrin |
|
the gallbladder stores large quantities of bile, releasing it
when fats reach the small intestine |
|
fats first enter the gallbladder before moving to the liver |
|
24.
| |
The lungs consist of many small air sacs and blood vessels, which greatly increase surface area and improve the transfer
of substances through their walls. The structures in the digestive system similar in function to these air sacs and capillaries
are the _____. (21.10) |
|
villi |
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colon and rectum |
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gastric glands |
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high-density lipoproteins |
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sphincters |
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25.
| |
Imagine that you have eaten a meal containing the following nutrients. Which would NOT have to be digested before being
absorbed? (21.10) |
|
protein |
|
polysaccharide |
|
disaccharide |
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nucleic acid |
|
amino acid |
|
26.
| |
How does the enzyme lipase work in digestion? (21.10) |
|
It combines with HCl in the stomach to digest starch. |
|
It finishes the work of pancreatic amylase by hydrolyzing disaccharides. |
|
It assists the enzyme team that hydrolyzes polypeptides. |
|
Lipases hydrolyze DNA and RNA into nucleotides. |
|
It works with bile salts to hydrolyze fat to fatty acids and
glycerol. |
|
27.
| |
Which of these digestive enzymes removes one amino acid at a time from the ends of polypeptide chains? (21.10) |
|
carboxypeptidase |
|
amylase |
|
nuclease |
|
trypsin |
|
chymotrypsin |
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28.
| |
Which of the following is the actual absorptive surface within the lumen of the small intestine? (21.10) |
|
circular folds |
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blood capillaries |
|
liver |
|
fingerlike villi |
|
microvilli |
|
29.
| |
The natural antacid produced to protect the intestines against stomach acid is produced in the ____________. (21.10) |
|
stomach |
|
liver |
|
esophagus |
|
pancreas |
|
mouth |
|
30.
| |
The liver and pancreas add their secretions to the partially digested food produced in the stomach, at the _____. (21.10) |
|
stomach |
|
small intestine |
|
appendix |
|
large intestine |
|
mouth |
|
31.
| |
Identify the correct statement about nutrition and digestion. (21.10) |
|
Feeding and "digestion" are synonyms. |
|
Chemical digestion precedes physical digestion in wolves. |
|
Absorption involves nutrients passing through intestinal walls. |
|
Elimination rids the body of overly large nutrient molecules. |
|
Monomers are hydrolyzed into macromolecules during digestion. |
|
32.
| |
Which of the following statements about the human digestive system is true? (21.11)
|
|
Pancreatic secretions are stored in the gallbladder. |
|
The pancreas, liver, and pyloric sphincter secrete digestive
juices. |
|
Water is removed from undigested food after it leaves the small
intestine. |
|
Peristalsis keeps digesting food in the small intestine for up
to six hours. |
|
Food passes from the esophagus through the pharynx into the stomach. |
|
33.
| |
What relation do indigestible plant fibers, prokaryotes, and vitamins have with the digestive system? (21.11) |
|
These are washed out of the body in the 7 liters of water that
daily pass into the digestive system. |
|
In the presence of certain vitamins, prokaryotes are able to
digest plant fibers. |
|
The prokaryotes cause rapid peristalsis, resulting in constipation,
which retains plant fibers and vitamins in the lower intestine. |
|
These are the contents of the large intestine. |
|
These move through the terminal portion of the colon together
and are voided as feces. |
|
34.
| |
When the colon contracts strongly, _____. (21.11) |
|
food moves down the duodenum |
|
chyme moves about in the stomach |
|
peristalsis moves the bolus from mouth through larynx |
|
peristalsis moves the bolus from mouth through pharynx |
|
the urge to defecate is created |
|
35.
| |
Which one of the following organs of the digestive system does NOT produce any secretions that aid in digestion? (21.11) |
|
large intestine |
|
small intestine |
|
stomach |
|
pancreas |
|
liver |
|
36.
| |
Prokaryotes living in our large intestines provide us with _____. (21.11)
|
|
carbohydrates |
|
vitamins |
|
minerals |
|
calories |
|
amino acids |
|
37.
| |
How would you expect the digestive system of a hawk (a carnivore) to compare with that of a sparrow (a seed eater)? (21.12) |
|
The hawk would have a larger gastrovascular cavity. |
|
The sparrow's digestive system would be longer. |
|
The hawk would have a gizzard, but the sparrow would not. |
|
The hawk's digestive system would be longer. |
|
The hawk would lack a rumen. |
|
38.
| |
Resting energy use is measured as _____. (21.14) |
|
basal monetary return |
|
basal metabolic rate |
|
basal melanin production rate |
|
metered bile production |
|
basal metallurgical rate |
|
39.
| |
Which of the following are considered essential nutrients?
- certain carbohydrates
- certain fatty acids
- certain amino acids
- cholesterol
(21.15)
|
|
1, 2, 3, and 4 |
|
1, 2, and 3 |
|
2, 3, and 4 |
|
2 and 3 |
|
3 |
|
40.
| |
What is the easiest way to meet all of your essential amino acid needs? (21.16)
|
|
Eat beans. |
|
Eat apples. |
|
Eat tomatoes. |
|
Eat corn. |
|
Eat an egg. |
|
41.
| |
It is important to get some vitamin B1 every day, but it is all right if the intake of vitamin A varies a bit.
Why? (21.17) |
|
Vitamin B1 is an essential nutrient, and vitamin A
is not. |
|
Vitamin A can be stored by the body, but vitamin B1
cannot. |
|
The body needs much larger amounts of vitamin B1 than
vitamin A. |
|
The body requires vitamin B1, but vitamin A is just
an "extra." |
|
Vitamin A is water-soluble, and vitamin B1 is fat-soluble. |
|
42.
| |
The fat-soluble vitamins include ____________. (21.17) |
|
vitamins A, D, E, and K |
|
vitamin A and the B group |
|
the B vitamins and vitamin C |
|
vitamins C, D, and E and K |
|
riboflavin and niacin |
|
43.
| |
In general, B vitamins function in your body as ____________. (21.17) |
|
a source of energy |
|
structural components of cell membranes |
|
a source of minerals |
|
coenzymes |
|
antioxidants |
|
44.
| |
The main reason we need some minerals and some vitamins is that _____. (21.17)
|
|
they are required for the Calvin cycle |
|
they are an important source of organic molecules |
|
they play a role in enzyme function |
|
they provide energy for cellular metabolism |
|
they shuttle energy from one reaction to another |
|
45.
| |
____ are needed in the diet as components of teeth and bone, normal muscle and nerve function, water balance, and parts
of certain enzymes. (21.18) |
|
Starches |
|
Fats |
|
Minerals |
|
Nucleic acids |
|
Vitamins |
|
46.
| |
A breakfast cereal advertises that it contains essential vitamins and minerals. In this context, the word "essential" means
____________. (21.18) |
|
that it contains the essence of vegetables used to extract the
nutrients |
|
that they can be made in the body but it is important to eat
food containing these nutrients so that we do not waste essential energy in making them |
|
that the nutrients must be supplied in the diet and cannot be
made in the body |
|
that it is important that you believe the package and buy the
product |
|
nothing |
|
47.
| |
The percent daily value of a nutrient that appears on a food label is based on a diet containing _____ kcal per day. (21.19) |
|
1,000 |
|
1,500 |
|
2,000 |
|
2,500 |
|
2,000 |
|
48.
| |
Let's say that you want to have a heart attack or stroke and thus, if you survive, become a burden on your family. You
decide to accomplish this by lowering your HDL levels and raising your LDL levels. Which of these lifestyles would be best
suited to helping you achieve your goal? (21.19) |
|
Don't exercise, smoke, and do not eat any red meat. |
|
Don't exercise, eat fish, and eat vegetables. |
|
Exercise, don't smoke, eat fish, and consume liquid vegetable
oils. |
|
Exercise, eat fish, smoke, and drink alcohol in moderation. |
|
Don't exercise, smoke, and eat an all-red-meat diet |
