1.
 | |
Which of the following normally contains the highest concentration of oxygen? (22.1)
|
|
body cells |
|
inhaled air |
|
air in the alveoli |
|
blood entering the lungs |
|
air leaving the lungs |
|
2.
| |
What is breathing? (22.1) |
|
the exchange of gases in mitochondria |
|
transport of gases by the circulatory system |
|
the exchange of gases in chloroplasts |
|
the exchange of gases between the circulatory system and interstitial
fluid (and then body tissues) |
|
the exchange of gases in the lungs |
|
3.
| |
In order for a body surface to be a respiratory surface, it must be _____. (22.2)
|
|
thick, dry, and covered with hair |
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moist and glandular |
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expansive |
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thin and moist |
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internal |
|
4.
| |
Which is NOT an essential feature for an animal's gas exchange surface? (22.2)
|
|
large surface area in proportion to body size |
|
a protective, wear-resistant covering |
|
thin cell layers |
|
living cells |
|
continuous moistness |
|
5.
| |
What is the gas exchange organ of earthworms? (22.2) |
|
gills |
|
a tracheal system |
|
skin |
|
book lungs |
|
lungs |
|
6.
| |
Which respiratory organ is most often found only in fully aquatic animals? (22.3)
|
|
tracheae |
|
lungs |
|
capillaries |
|
skin surface |
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gills |
|
7.
| |
Which of the following in a human is most similar in function to the gill lamellae of a fish? (22.3) |
|
vocal cords |
|
bronchioles |
|
alveoli |
|
trachea |
|
diaphragm |
|
8.
| |
What is a disadvantage of gas exchange in aquatic environments as compared to gas exchange in terrestrial environments?
(22.3) |
|
Aquatic gas exchange is energetically more efficient than terrestrial
gas exchange. |
|
Gas exchange organs do not operate well when moist. |
|
Water has a lower concentration of oxygen than does air. |
|
Countercurrent flows do not operate in aquatic environments. |
|
Animals tend to lose water in aquatic environments. |
|
9.
| |
What is ventilation? (22.3) |
|
a mechanism by which gases are exchanged between the lungs and
blood |
|
a mechanism that regulates blood pH |
|
a mechanism by which gases are exchanged between the blood and
body tissues |
|
a mechanism by which oxygen binds to hemoglobin |
|
a mechanism that increases the contact between respiratory surfaces
and the environment |
|
10.
| |
Countercurrent exchange in the gills of a fish _____. (22.4) |
|
speeds up the flow of water through the gills |
|
maintains a gradient that enhances diffusion |
|
enables the fish to obtain oxygen while swimming backward |
|
means that blood and water flow in the same direction |
|
interferes with the efficient absorption of oxygen |
|
11.
| |
During evolutionary refinements that led from fish to mammals, why was a shift from gills to lungs necessary? (22.5) |
|
Gills are not as efficient as lungs in picking up oxygen. |
|
Gills are too small to service a mammal's need for oxygen. |
|
Protecting gas-exchange surfaces from desiccation is difficult
in terrestrial environments. |
|
Air has a higher oxygen content than water, so gills were no
longer necessary. |
|
Gills work only in water; lungs work only on land. |
|
12.
| |
Which of these gas exchange systems consists of a series of air tubes that branch throughout the body? (22.5) |
|
skin |
|
tracheal system |
|
lungs |
|
book lungs |
|
gills |
|
13.
| |
Which type of epithelial tissue would you suppose lines the alveoli? (22.6)
|
|
stratified squamous epithelium |
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simple columnar epithelium |
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simple squamous epithelium |
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stratified cuboidal epithelium |
|
stratified columnar epithelium |
|
14.
| |
What is the order of passage as air is inhaled during ventilation of the lungs in a typical mammal? (22.6) |
|
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchiole, bronchus, trachea,
alveolus |
|
nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole,
alveolus |
|
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole,
alveolus |
|
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, bronchus,
alveolus |
|
nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchus, bronchiole,
alveolus |
|
15.
| |
Which one of the following components of the mammalian gas exchange system does NOT have a ciliated surface covered by
a thin film of mucus? (22.6) |
|
trachea |
|
midsize to small bronchioles |
|
bronchi |
|
major bronchioles |
|
alveoli |
|
16.
| |
The primary functional unit of the human lung is a(n) _____. (22.6) |
|
alveolus |
|
capillary tuft |
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trachea |
|
bronchus |
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bronchiole |
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17.
| |
What is a function of the human nose? (22.6) |
|
gas exchange with the trachea |
|
gas exchange with capillaries |
|
filtering air |
|
holding up glasses |
|
producing mucus |
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18.
| |
Humans produce the sounds of language by _____. (22.6) |
|
modulating the flow of air through the trachea |
|
modulating the flow of air through the nose |
|
contracting and relaxing the diaphragm |
|
regulating the flow of blood to the lungs |
|
tensing and relaxing the vocal cords as air flows past them |
|
|
|
What is the function of the mucus that lines the human respiratory system? (22.6)
|
|
gas exchange |
|
to protect the airways from the acidity of environmental air |
|
to trap contaminants before they can get to the lungs |
|
to facilitate language production |
|
to keep the alveoli moist |
|
20.
| |
Cigarettes contain over _____ different chemicals. (22.7) |
|
100 |
|
1,000 |
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2,000 |
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3,000 |
|
4,000 |
|
21.
| |
In the United States, the yearly death toll attributable to smoking is about _____. (22.7) |
|
130,000 |
|
230,000 |
|
330,000 |
|
430,000 |
|
1,000,000 |
|
22.
| |
Which of these can occur as a consequence of smoking? (22.7) |
|
emphysema |
|
pancreatic cancer |
|
cardiovascular disease |
|
frequent coughing |
|
all of the above |
|
23.
| |
What is emphysema? (22.7) |
|
a type of cancer |
|
a type of heart disease that involves enlargement of the heart |
|
the coughing that results from the accumulation of mucus in the
airways to the lungs |
|
the black color that is found in the lungs of long-term smokers |
|
the result of the destruction of alveoli |
|
24.
| |
About how many years after quitting smoking does it take for the risk of heart disease and death to return to the levels
similar to those seen in people who never smoked? (22.7) |
|
one |
|
five |
|
ten |
|
fifteen |
|
twenty |
|
25.
| |
The maximum amount of air a person can inhale and exhale is called __________. (22.8)
|
|
vital capacity |
|
tidal volume |
|
residual capacity |
|
oxygen consumption |
|
end tidal volume |
|
26.
| |
What effect does relaxing a tense abdomen during diaphragm contraction have on breathing? (22.8) |
|
It has no significant effect. |
|
It decreases the residual volume of air in the lungs. |
|
It becomes more difficult to expand the lungs. |
|
The diaphragm moves higher into the chest cavity. |
|
It increases the vital capacity of the lungs |
|
27.
| |
During exhalation in a typical young adult human _____. (22.8) |
|
the diaphragm contracts and flattens, moving downward |
|
the rib cage returns to a resting position |
|
alveolar pressure becomes lower than atmospheric pressure |
|
the volume of the chest cavity increases |
|
the lungs expand |
|
28.
| |
Inhalation in humans is achieved by _____. (22.8) |
|
contraction of muscles in the lungs |
|
contraction of the lungs |
|
relaxation of the diaphragm and muscles between the ribs |
|
contraction of the diaphragm and muscles between the ribs |
|
relaxation of the diaphragm and contraction of the muscles between
the ribs |
|
29.
| |
Which one of the following statements about the breathing methods of mammals and birds is true? (22.8) |
|
The mammalian system can extract the larger amount of oxygen
at a given partial pressure of O2. |
|
Both are positive-pressure systems. |
|
The system of mammals is negative-pressure, but birds have a
positive-pressure system. |
|
The gas exchange system of mammals is confined to the chest cavity,
but that of birds is not. |
|
Air flows unidirectionally in both groups. |
|
30.
| |
What happens when the CO2 level from cellular respiration increases in the blood? (22.9) |
|
Cellular respiration decreases. |
|
A decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid triggers the
brain's breathing control centers, which stimulate diaphragm and rib muscle contractions. |
|
The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid also increases and is detected
by O2 sensors in arteries near the heart. |
|
The O2 level automatically increases. |
|
The medulla, moderated by the pons, signals the heart muscle
to beat harder, bringing in more O2. |
|
31.
| |
What causes CO2 in the blood to decrease? (22.9) |
|
exercise |
|
increased cellular respiration |
|
hyperventilation |
|
running |
|
exercise and increased cellular respiration |
|
32.
| |
Breathing in mammals is controlled by the __________, which monitors __________. (22.9) |
|
hypothalamus ... blood CO2 |
|
cerebellum ... blood O2 |
|
hypothalamus ... blood pH |
|
thalamus ... blood O2 |
|
medulla ... blood pH |
|
33.
| |
When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again? (22.9) |
|
rising oxygen concentration |
|
rising carbon dioxide concentration |
|
falling oxygen concentration |
|
falling carbon dioxide concentration |
|
none of the above |
|
34.
| |
In the alveoli and lung capillaries, CO2 and O2 are exchanged by means of _____. (22.10) |
|
diffusion |
|
active transport |
|
endocytosis |
|
an exchange pump mechanism |
|
osmosis |
|
35.
| |
What adjustments would clearly make countercurrent exchange more efficient in extracting oxygen from water running through
fish gills? (22.10) |
|
hemoglobin with a greater affinity for oxygen |
|
proportionally larger gills to body size |
|
better ventilation |
|
slower heart rate |
|
warmer water |
|
36.
| |
In the blood, most oxygen is carried _____. (22.10) |
|
dissolved in the plasma |
|
bound to water |
|
carbonic acid |
|
bicarbonate ions |
|
bound to hemoglobin |
|
37.
| |
Very specifically, the component of blood that carries oxygen is _____. (22.10)
|
|
iron |
|
heme |
|
hemoglobin |
|
myoglobin |
|
pons |
|
38.
| |
Most oxygen is carried by the blood ____. Most carbon dioxide is carried by the blood ___. (22.11) |
|
attached to hemoglobin ... in the form of bicarbonate ions |
|
dissolved in the plasma ... dissolved in the plasma |
|
in the form of H+ ions ... in the form of bicarbonate
ions |
|
attached to hemoglobin ... attached to hemoglobin |
|
attached to hemoglobin ... dissolved in plasma |
|
39.
| |
How does hemoglobin help to buffer the blood? (22.11) |
|
It releases hydrogen ions into the blood when it binds to carbon
dioxide. |
|
It picks up hydrogen ions that are released when carbonic acid
dissociates. |
|
It picks up hydrogen ions when it releases oxygen to the body
tissues. |
|
It releases hemoglobin when it releases oxygen to the body tissues. |
|
It picks up hydrogen ions when it binds to oxygen. |
|
40.
| |
What stimulates a newborn to take its first breath? (22.12) |
|
the detachment of the placenta |
|
an increase in carbon dioxide levels and a decrease in the pH
of the blood |
|
the maturation of the brain that accompanies birth |
|
the sucking of fluid out of the newborn's nose and mouth |
|
exposure to the surrounding air that accompanies its birth |
